Chapter One – An Overview of Architecture-Level Power- and Energy-Efficient Design Techniques

Power dissipation and energy consumption became the primary design constraint for almost all computer systems in the last 15 years. Both computer architects and circuit designers intent to reduce power and energy (without a performance degradation) at all design levels, as it is currently the main obstacle to continue with further scaling according to Moore's law. The aim of this survey is to provide a comprehensive overview of power- and energy-efficient “state-of-the-art” techniques. We classify techniques by component where they apply to, which is the most natural way from a designer point of view. We further divide the techniques by the component of power/energy they optimize (static or dynamic), covering in that way complete low-power design flow at the architectural level. At the end, we conclude that only a holistic approach that assumes optimizations at all design levels can lead to significant savings.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Implementation model for service oriented smart transducers networks

Pametni pretvarač je uređaj koji pored pretvaračkih elemenata i pratećih kola za obradu signala, poseduje i lokalnu inteligenciju i mogućnost komunikacije. Veliki broj načina na koji se takav uređaj može realizovati, dovodi do nekompatibilnosti i niskog nivoa interoperabilnosti između uređaja različitih proizvođača, zbog čega je uveden standardni model pametnog pretvarača definisan familijom standarda IEEE 1451. Dodatno unapređenje interoperabilnosti se postiže nadogradnjom standarda, kroz uvođenje posebnih Web servisa za komunikaciju sa pametnim pretvaračima. Analiza postojećih rešenja je pokazala da i pored uvedene standardizacije ne postoji opšti model mrežne konfiguracije i komunikacije. Zbog toga je u ovoj tezi razvijen model implementacije koji omogućava uniformnu konfiguraciju svih mrežnih čvorova od strane centralnog serverskog čvora i koji uvodi dva obrasca komunikacije: (i) komunikaciju posredstvom centralnog servera i (ii) obrazac zasnovan na upotrebi servisnih agenata. Servisni agenti su uvedeni kao aktivne komponente, zadužene za transfer podataka između pasivnih komponenata sistema kojima se pristupa putem servisnih interfejsa. Servisni agenti se mogu nalaziti na bilo kom mrežnom čvoru, čime se eliminiše centralizovani model komunikacije i omogućava proizvoljna mrežna topologija. Za potrebe integracije entiteta koji nisu konkretni pametni pretvarači, poput algoritama za obradu podataka i ulazno/izlaznih uređaja, predstavljen je koncept virtuelnog pretvaračkog modula. Dati mrežni entiteti u formi virtuelnog pretvaračkog modula se na nivou interfejsa vide isto kao i konkretni pametni pretvarači, što omogućava uniforman pristup od strane centralnog menadžerskog čvora i servisnih agenata. Verifikacija modela je data putem studija slučaja mreža za osmatranje parametara okoline, procenu uslova za pojavu leda, predikciju signala upotrebom neuralnih mreža i kontrole temperature sušare. Zaključeno je da predloženi model ima praktičnu primenu, pri čemu je pokriven širok spektar mreža pametnih pretvarača, podržava upotrebu i drugih funkcionalnosti koje nisu date IEEE 1451 specifikacijom i različite komunikacione protokole, što ga čini pogodnim za dalji razvoj servisno orijentisanih mreža pametnih pretvarača. Ključne reči: servisno orijentisana arhitektura, pametni pretvarači, IEEE 1451, distribuirani merni sistemSmart transducer is a device possessing the local intelligence and communication capability, apart from the basic transducer elements and accompanying signal processing circuits. A large number of different design possibilities leads to the incompatibility and poor interoperability between devices of different manufacturers, which are solved by the smart transducer model established by the IEEE 1451 family of standards. Additional improvement of interoperability is achieved by an upgrade of the standard, through introduction of the customized Web services for communication with smart transducers. An analysis of existing solutions showed that the general model of network level configuration and communication, actually, does not exist, although the standardized smart transducer model does. Because of that, this work establishes an implementation model which enables uniform configuration of all network nodes by the central server node, and introduces the following two communication patterns: (i) communication over the central server intermediary and (ii) communication based on the service agents deployment. Service agents are introduced as the active components that transfer data between the passive system components accessed through service interfaces and can be deployed to an arbitrary network node, which eliminates the centralized communication model and enables arbitrary network topology. In order to integrate the entities which are not physical smart transducers in the network, like processing algorithms and input/output devices, concept of the virtual transducer interface module is introduced. The given network entities in form of the virtual transducer interface module are seen at the interface level the same as the physical smart transducers, and are accessed uniformlly by the central manager node and service agents. Model verification is given through the case studies of networks for environmental monitoring, ice formation condition estimation, neural network signal sequence prediction, and dryer chamber temperature control. It is concluded that the proposed model is applicable to a wide range of smart transducers networks, it enables functionalities other than IEEE 1451 and different communication protocols, which makes it suitable for further development of the service oriented smart transducers networks

Implementation model for service oriented smart transducers networks

Pametni pretvarač je uređaj koji pored pretvaračkih elemenata i pratećih kola za obradu signala, poseduje i lokalnu inteligenciju i mogućnost komunikacije. Veliki broj načina na koji se takav uređaj može realizovati, dovodi do nekompatibilnosti i niskog nivoa interoperabilnosti između uređaja različitih proizvođača, zbog čega je uveden standardni model pametnog pretvarača definisan familijom standarda IEEE 1451. Dodatno unapređenje interoperabilnosti se postiže nadogradnjom standarda, kroz uvođenje posebnih Web servisa za komunikaciju sa pametnim pretvaračima. Analiza postojećih rešenja je pokazala da i pored uvedene standardizacije ne postoji opšti model mrežne konfiguracije i komunikacije. Zbog toga je u ovoj tezi razvijen model implementacije koji omogućava uniformnu konfiguraciju svih mrežnih čvorova od strane centralnog serverskog čvora i koji uvodi dva obrasca komunikacije: (i) komunikaciju posredstvom centralnog servera i (ii) obrazac zasnovan na upotrebi servisnih agenata. Servisni agenti su uvedeni kao aktivne komponente, zadužene za transfer podataka između pasivnih komponenata sistema kojima se pristupa putem servisnih interfejsa. Servisni agenti se mogu nalaziti na bilo kom mrežnom čvoru, čime se eliminiše centralizovani model komunikacije i omogućava proizvoljna mrežna topologija. Za potrebe integracije entiteta koji nisu konkretni pametni pretvarači, poput algoritama za obradu podataka i ulazno/izlaznih uređaja, predstavljen je koncept virtuelnog pretvaračkog modula. Dati mrežni entiteti u formi virtuelnog pretvaračkog modula se na nivou interfejsa vide isto kao i konkretni pametni pretvarači, što omogućava uniforman pristup od strane centralnog menadžerskog čvora i servisnih agenata. Verifikacija modela je data putem studija slučaja mreža za osmatranje parametara okoline, procenu uslova za pojavu leda, predikciju signala upotrebom neuralnih mreža i kontrole temperature sušare. Zaključeno je da predloženi model ima praktičnu primenu, pri čemu je pokriven širok spektar mreža pametnih pretvarača, podržava upotrebu i drugih funkcionalnosti koje nisu date IEEE 1451 specifikacijom i različite komunikacione protokole, što ga čini pogodnim za dalji razvoj servisno orijentisanih mreža pametnih pretvarača. Ključne reči: servisno orijentisana arhitektura, pametni pretvarači, IEEE 1451, distribuirani merni sistemSmart transducer is a device possessing the local intelligence and communication capability, apart from the basic transducer elements and accompanying signal processing circuits. A large number of different design possibilities leads to the incompatibility and poor interoperability between devices of different manufacturers, which are solved by the smart transducer model established by the IEEE 1451 family of standards. Additional improvement of interoperability is achieved by an upgrade of the standard, through introduction of the customized Web services for communication with smart transducers. An analysis of existing solutions showed that the general model of network level configuration and communication, actually, does not exist, although the standardized smart transducer model does. Because of that, this work establishes an implementation model which enables uniform configuration of all network nodes by the central server node, and introduces the following two communication patterns: (i) communication over the central server intermediary and (ii) communication based on the service agents deployment. Service agents are introduced as the active components that transfer data between the passive system components accessed through service interfaces and can be deployed to an arbitrary network node, which eliminates the centralized communication model and enables arbitrary network topology. In order to integrate the entities which are not physical smart transducers in the network, like processing algorithms and input/output devices, concept of the virtual transducer interface module is introduced. The given network entities in form of the virtual transducer interface module are seen at the interface level the same as the physical smart transducers, and are accessed uniformlly by the central manager node and service agents. Model verification is given through the case studies of networks for environmental monitoring, ice formation condition estimation, neural network signal sequence prediction, and dryer chamber temperature control. It is concluded that the proposed model is applicable to a wide range of smart transducers networks, it enables functionalities other than IEEE 1451 and different communication protocols, which makes it suitable for further development of the service oriented smart transducers networks

Chapter One – An Overview of Architecture-Level Power- and Energy-Efficient Design Techniques

Power dissipation and energy consumption became the primary design constraint for almost all computer systems in the last 15 years. Both computer architects and circuit designers intent to reduce power and energy (without a performance degradation) at all design levels, as it is currently the main obstacle to continue with further scaling according to Moore's law. The aim of this survey is to provide a comprehensive overview of power- and energy-efficient “state-of-the-art” techniques. We classify techniques by component where they apply to, which is the most natural way from a designer point of view. We further divide the techniques by the component of power/energy they optimize (static or dynamic), covering in that way complete low-power design flow at the architectural level. At the end, we conclude that only a holistic approach that assumes optimizations at all design levels can lead to significant savings.Peer Reviewe